مجله تولید و فرآوری محصولات زراعی و باغی
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 94، تابستان 1401)

In order to investigate the effect of supplementary irrigation on dryland wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications during cropping seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. The factors were drought stress levels (dryland and supplemental irrigation) and wheat cultivars (Homa, Sardari, Rijaw, Ouhadi and Azar2). Supplemental irrigation significantly increased grain yield. In both cropping seasons, drought stress increased free amino acids and glycine betaine and decreased relative water content (RWC) and rate of water loss (RWL). Negative and significant correlation of RWL with free amino acids of leaf and glycine betaine and also positive and significant correlation of RWC with glycine betaine level indicated that the higher the concentration of osmotic compounds in leaves, the lower the rate of leaf water loss and the higher the leaf water content. The results of this study confirmed that adequate water supply by using supplementary irrigation in the most sensitive stages of wheat growth is a viable strategy to improve the physiological traits of the plant and hence obtain an acceptable grain yield under dryland conditions.

Despite the high potential of sesame production in the country, its yield and water use efficiency is low. Therefore, identifying genotypes with high grain yield, especially under drought stress conditions, is essential for developing this crop. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted to investigate the qualitative and quantitative response of 21 sesame genotypes to drought stress conditions at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, located in the semi-arid region of Iran, during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. The experiment was a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation treatments consisting of normal irrigation and drought stress were assigned to the main plots and the sesame genotypes (20 imported genotypes with one Iranian cultivar as a control) were allocated to the sub-plots. Dongeuy, Local 123, Hail 2 and Anthalya 1 genotypes were found as early maturing, Gynum 11, Kubarez 55, Uusu 1, Songhak, Hoechon 2, Dunae, Pachequero, Haibuk and Sunhua 1 genotypes as the medium maturing, Lao hong zhi ma, Bian gan, Bukbak, Margo, Amaliada, Jungkyung and Black chil sung genotypes as the late maturing and Oltan genotype as the very late maturing group. The Margo genotype showed the highest LAI (3.2), and Sunhua 1 genotype showed the lowest value (1.0). The results also revealed that drought stress decreased the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule and 1000-seed weight by 35, 44 and 35%, respectively. On the other hand, drought stress caused a reduction in grain and dry matter yield in all genotypes. The Dongeuy genotype with 50% reduction and Songhak genotype with 26% reduction in grain yield showed the highest and lowest sufferings from drought stress, respectively. The Margo genotype produced the highest grain yield in both irrigation treatments (1531 and 1107 kg ha-1 under normal irrigation and drought stress treatments, respectively). In conclusion, the Songhak genotype was considered as one of the superior genotypes due to its shorter growing period, less grain yield loss under drought stress, and high oil yield.

The effects of salinity stress on grain quality traits of wheat were investigated using 180 lines of F5 generation in two environments (normal and salinity stress). A randomized complete block designs with three replications was used in each of the environments at the Research Farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Isfahan in 2019-2020 cropping season. Grain yield, protein yield, grain moisture content, grain hardness, volume of Zeleny sediment, protein content, bread volume, wet gluten percentage, and gluten index were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among the lines for all traits studied in two environmental conditions. Moreover, the results showed that the quality in bread wheat was improved under salinity stress conditions due to increment in protein content and grain hardness. Grain protein yield in both environments had a significant and negative correlation with grain moisture as well as bread volume. In the other hand, grain hardness showed a significant and positive correlation with the Zeleny sedimentation and water absorption in both environmental conditions. The results showed that the identification of favorable quality characteristics in normal and stressed conditions were possible and the lines with high grain quality can be used in breeding programs for improving baking quality. Although salinity caused the decrease in grain yield, the content of protein and the Zeleny sedimentation volume increased in this condition.

This research was carried out in a factorial split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in Semnan Agriculture Research Center, Bastam, central Iran, in 2019. Experimental treatments included irrigation as the main factor at three levels of 100, 75 and 50% of water requirement and sub-factors including cultivar at three levels (Titicaca, Q26 and Q29) and priming at two levels (no priming and hydropriming) as sub-factors. The percentage of water requirement of the plant was calculated using the CROPWAT program and applied from the 6-leaf stage of the plant. The results showed that drought stress reduced leaf area index, 1000-seed weight and grain yield in all three cultivars. Percentage of protein, malondialdehyde, proline, activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase and ascorbate peroxidase increased in plants under drought stress. Hydropriming increased leaf area index and grain yield. Among the three cultivars tested, hydroprimed plants of Q26 genotype had the highest leaf area index, 1000-seed weight and grain yield compared to the other cultivars. Cultivar Q26 had the highest grain yield when supplied with 75 and 100% of water requirement and Titicaca cultivar had the highest grain yield (1067 kg/ha) in the presence of severe drought stress (i.e. 50% water requirement). In conclusion, Titicaca cultivar was more resistant to drought than other cultivars and cultivation of this cultivar is recommended in Bastam region. In the scope of the research, the application of hydropriming can be suggested to improve the physiological traits of quinoa under drought stress.

Auxin produced by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) in the wheat rhizosphere, can improve plant yield under water deficit stress condition. To investigate this issue, a completely randomized factorial design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse condition at the University of Maragheh, Eastern-Azarbayjan, Iran during 2019. Treatments were two types of growth-promoting bacteria (Bacillus simplex 40, Bacillus simplex 52); two moisture levels (50% and 80% of water holding capacity in perlite) and two levels of tryptophan (0 mg L-1 and 100 mg L-1). Under the condition of 50% of water holding capacity, the application of tryptophan without bacterial inoculation decreased wheat dry matter yield by 5%. Inoculation of Bacillus simplex 40 in the absence of tryptophan led to 25% increase in wheat dry matter yield while application of tryptophan reduced the trait by 17%. Under the stress condition, catalase enzyme activity increased by 33% and guaiacol peroxidase activity increased by 2.3% in inoculation treatments compared to control treatments. In conclusion, bacterial inoculation was able to increase wheat dry matter yield by improving the wheat antioxidant system under drought-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the decrease in wheat dry matter in the presence of tryptophan treatment may be attributed to probable hormonal disorders in wheat caused by high concentration of applied tryptophan.

In order to investigate the effect of planting arrangement on growth indices and grain yield of a red bean cultivar (Sayyad cultivar), The experiment was conducted in a split-plot randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Jihad Agricultural Services Center of Al-Mahdi town, Azna. The main factor consisted three row spacings including 20, 30 and 45 cm and the sub-factor consisted three densities including 40, 50, and 60 plants m-2. The results showed that by reducing the row spacing dry matter accumulation, CGR and LAI at different periods of growth and grain yield increased. However, changing the row spacing did not have a significant effect on RGR and NAR. With increasing plant density, the dry matter accumulation, CGR and LAI over the course of plant development, RGR and NAR in reproductive stage and thus grain yield increased. Plant density had no significant effect on RGR and NAR in vegetative growth stage and maximum NAR. Considering the increase in most traits in the row spacing of 20 cm and a density of 60 plants m-2, this type of planting arrangement might be suitable for cultivation of red been under similar environmental conditions in Azna, Lorestan, Iran.

In this experiment, the effect of repeated foliar application of 0.5 percent urea at three different stages of fruit growth (including initiation of embryo growth, rapid growth of embryo and during flower bud abscission with two weeks interval) on growth and yield of pistachio was investigated. To this aim, 20 mature trees of Kalleh-ghuchi were selected from the Research Garden of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran in 2016. Growth characteristics such as shoot length, leaf number and the length of inter node were increased by increasing urea application events. Three times application of urea decreased bud abscission by 62%, also it resulted in a 65% increase in leaf nitrogen concentration compared to the control trees. Also L index of hull and cluster weight, nut weight and fruit moisture were increased by increasing urea application events, while fruit firmness and ounce were decreased by increase in urea application events. The presented data suggests that three times application of urea during the third stage of nut growth with two weeks-interval, can have some positive effects on qualitative and quantitative traits of fruit; furthermore, it can initiate alternate bearing by decreasing flower bud abscission during the “On” year.

In order to study the effects of pumice (control, 30 and 60 ton ha-1) and different concentrations of Acadian and Estemplex (algae extract) (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 ml L-1) on the growth and some physiological characteristics of Coriandrum sativum L., an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Azarbaijan’s Shahid Madani University, Iran during 2018. The results were suggestive of significant interactions of soil cover and foliar applications on phenolics content, superoxide dismutase activity, Mg, Zn, K and P content of Coriandrum sativum L. The highest concentration of total phenolic compounds was recorded with application of 30 ton ha-1 pumice × 4.5 ml L-1 Acadian and Estemplex. Moreover, the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a and b were recorded at 4.5 ml L-1 Acadian and 3 and 4.5 ml L-1 Estemplex. Application of 3 and 4.5 ml L-1 Estemplex and 3 ml L-1 Acadian led to the greatest total soluble solid contents. The highest amount of plant dry weight were achieved in the presence of 3 and 4.5 ml L-1 Acadian and 1.5 and 3 ml L-1 Estemplex. The highest chlorophyll, flavonoids, protein, and N concentrations and plant dry weight were observed in the presence of 30 ton ha-1 pumice soil cover. Furthermore, 30 and 60 ton ha-1 pumice application reduced IC50 content. In conclusion, application of 30 ton ha-1 pumice and foliar-applied bio-fertilizers, particularly Estemplex (1.5, 3 and 4.5 ml L-1) had positive effects on the growth and physiological traits of Coriandrum sativum L.

In order to evaluate the effect of different planting seedbeds (stale and false) and application of Oxyfluorfen herbicide on yield, yield components and control of garlic weeds, a split-plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the cropping year 2020-2021 at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. The main plot consisted of different planting seedbeds: Conventional seedbed (without irrigation using plow and disc); stale seedbed (using Paraquat herbicide); stale seedbed (using Glyphosate herbicide); false seedbed (using flame application) and false seedbed (with manual cultivation). Different dosages of Oxyfluorfen herbicide (0, 1, 1.5 and 2 L/ha as split dosage) were considered as subplots. The highest total dry weight of weeds (231 g/m2) was observed in the presence of conventional seedbed treatment and non-application of herbicide. The lowest dry weight of weeds was observed in the presence of stale seedbed with glyphosate and application of 2 L/ha of Oxyfluorfen herbicide. The highest bulb yield of garlic (580 g/m2) was achieved in the presence of glyphosate seedbeds with application of herbicide at 1.5 L/ha and the lowest bulb yield (91.2 g/m2) was observed in the presence of conventional seedbed and non-application of herbicide. In conclusion, application of 2 L/ha herbicide in split doses was recommended.

Relative water content (RWC) in plants is one of the most important biochemical parameters and its deficiency limits efficiency of photosynthesis and crop productivity. The scientific reports on using spectroscopy in detecting drought stress for sesame plants are very rare. In this study, the possibility of identifying water stress in two sensitive (Naz-Takshakhe) and resistant (Yekta) genotypes by predicting the RWC in sesame plants under water-stressed conditions using spectral indices was investigated. The developed spectral indices in the form of the ratio/difference of the reflectance derived from the leaf diffuse reflectance spectra, limited to the Visible-Near Infrared (Vis/NIR) region (400–1100 nm), were used. One hundred and fifty pots from each of the two genotypes were randomly divided into three equal groups. Pots were irrigated at soil water potential of −0.1 MPa (well-watered), −1.0 MPa (moderate-water stressed), and −1.5 MPa (severe-water stressed). The Vis/NIR spectra were then obtained from the leaves of each pot. Leaf RWC was also measured. In most cases, linear relationships between the RWC and the means of the three band reflectance spectra including: green (520 to 565 nm), red (580-760 nm) and near-infrared (760 to 900 nm), as well as normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs), and spectral ratios (SRs) extracted from the reflectance spectra were obtained. The results showed that the mean reflection of the red zone with the coefficients of determination of 0.80 and 0.78 and RMSE of 4.58 and 2.51, NDVI3 with the coefficients of determination of 0.80 and 0.79 and RMSE of 3.84 and 2.51, and also, SR with the coefficients of determination of 0.84 and 0.76 and RMSE of 3.40 and 2.66 for both “Yekta” and “Naz-Takshakhe” genotypes, respectively, provided the best results for predicting the RWC of the leaves. Therefore, the Vis/NIR spectroscopy is a fast, somewhat accurate and non-destructive method for detecting sesame water conditions. Under water-stressed conditions, more severe changes in the RWC of the “Yekta” genotype compared to “Naz-Takshakhe”, led to better performance of the reflectance spectral indices in estimating the RWC of the leaf in this genotype. The presented results can lead to the development of a reliable and portable tool for rapid and non-destructive detection of RWC of the sesame leaves.